语法：

谓语动词：有且仅有一个
一个句子的核心动作
非谓语动词：数量任意
主语：主动做出动作的词语
宾语：被动接受动作的词语

第一章：时态和语态

时态：

时间：现在  过去  将来
状态：一般  进行  完成
一般现在时：     do/does            am/is/are(I---am，you---are，单数---is，复数---are)
一般过去时：     did                was/were
一般将来时：     will/shall do
过去将来时：     would do
现在进行时：     am/is/are doing
过去进行时：     was/were doing
将来进行时：     will be doing
现在完成时：     have/has done
过去完成时：     had done
将来完成时：     will have done

一般现在时：

定义：表示通常性，规律性，习惯性，真理性的状态或者动作有时间规律发生的事件的一种时间状态。

考点一：时间标志词：always，usually，often，sometimes，every day，every week，on Mondays，once a week(day，year，month)等

e.g.He plays basketball once a week.

考点二：表示客观事实和普遍真理

e.g.The earth goes around the sun.

考点三：在时间或条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来(主将从现=主句将来，从句一般现在)

表示时间类引导词：when，until，after，before，as soon as，once，the moment，the minute,the day等
表示条件类引导词：if，unless，provided，as long as等
e.g.1. I will tell him the good news when he gets here.
e.g.2.If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.
特殊：引导词>时间词

考点四：(从句)the+比较级…,(主句)the+比较级…(越…就越…)句型中

1.比较级的拼写
2.时态：主将从现：前从句后主句
e.g.The harder you study,the better results you will get.

一般过去时：

定义：表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，不强调对现在的影响。

考点一：一般过去时的时间标志词：yesterday，just now，last week，in 1840，once，ago，the other day等。

e.g.Last week I bought a new bike.

考点二：短语辨析：

used to do 过去常常，曾经
be/get/become used to doing 习惯于
be used to do 被用来
e.g.1.He used to smoke a lot.
e.g.2.Jerry is used to having milk every morning.
e.g.3.This pen is used to write.

考点三：在口语中，情态动词一般过去时提问：委婉语气.

e.g.Can you help me? Could you help me? 不体现时态，只体现委婉语气

一般将来时

定义：一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。

考点一：一般将来时的时间标志词：next week，next day，next month，next term，the day after tomorrow，tomorrow morning，tomorrow evening，tomorrow afternoon，soon，some day，one day，in the future，in+时间段，this year(week，evening)

e.g.My mother will give me a nice present on my next birthday.

考点二：祈使句，and/or+will do…(前后一致)

e.g.Get up early,or you will miss the first bus this morning.

考点三：表将来

1.will do 无计划
2.be going to do 有计划，暗示
3.be to do 正式，要求/命令
4.be about to do 不能和时间词连用
e.g.He is going to take part in a party tomorrow.

考点四：瞬间动词的进行表将来(某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive，come，go，vleae，reach等，用现在进行时形式表示将来)。

e.g.I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

过去将来时

定义：表示过去某时看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。

e.g.She said that her mother would come to see her the next day.

现在进行时

定义：现在正在发生+现阶段(表示正在进行的动作或存在的状态)

考点一：现在进行时常见标志词：时刻点，now，right now，at the moment，listen，look，at this time，these days，at present，for the time being，for the present

时刻点–进行
时刻点(进行)+现在时间词=现在进行时
时刻点(进行)+将来时间词=将来进行时
e.g.I am waiting for you at the school gate now.

过去进行时

定义：过去正在发生+过去阶段(表示过去在某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态)。

考点一：过去进行时的常见时间标识词：this time yesterday,at that time,at 6 p.m,yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,between nine to ten last evening,the whole morning yesterday等。

时刻点–进行
时刻点(进行)+过去时间词=过去进行时
e.g.1.Tom was sleeping this time yesterday?
e.g.2.I was learning at nine last night.

考点二：when 当…时候(时间类/条件类引导词)

1.主将从现
2.时态一致(如果主从句有一个是一般过去，另一个也一定是过去{一般过去，过去进行，过去完成，过去将来})
e.g.1.The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
e.g.2.I will tell him the good news when he gets here tomorrow.

将来进行时

定义：将来正在发生+将来阶段(表示将来某个时刻或时间段正在进行的动作)。

e.g.I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.

现在完成时

定义：表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 或 表示过去的动作持续到现在

考点一：常见的时间标志词：lately，recently，already，yet，ever，for+时间段，over/during/through/throughout+时间段，since+时间点，up to now，till now，so far，in/over/during the last/past few years(时间段)，单独的次数

e.g.1.In the past this district was poor.
e.g.2.In the past few years I have learned 3000 words.
e.g.3.Tom has finished the homework up to now.

考点二：主句(现在完成)+since+从句(一般过去)

e.g.We have been friends since we met at first time.

考点三：It is/现在完成时+一段时间+since 从句(一般过去)…

只有It可以搭配is，其他全部用现在完成时
e.g.It has been/is ten years since we moved to this beautiful country.

考点四：序数词+time=完成(It/This is the first/second time+that(现在完成时) 第几次做某事)

e.g.This is my first time that I have visited China.

考点五：最高级—完成

It is+最高级+that+现在完成时
This is the (best/worst/most interesting) film that I have seen.

考点六：时间段：瞬间动词的延续:be+形容词

die===be dead(adj) He has been dead for 10 years.
start/begin===be on The class has been on for 2 hours.
leave===be away He has been away from his hometown for 10 years.
open===be open The store has been open for 10 years.
join===be in He has been in the army for 10 years.
buy===have He has had the book for 10 years.
borrow(借入)/lend(借出)===keep He has kept the book for 3 days.
e.g.判定正误
1.He has left his hometown for ten years. false
2.He has been away from his hometown for ten years. true
3.The movie has begun for ten minutes. false
4.The movie has been on for ten minutes. true

过去完成时

定义：动作发生的时间是"过去的过去"，句中有明显的过去参照，从来不孤立使用。
(表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作对过去的某一点造成影响或结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。它表示动作发生在"过去的过去"，侧重事情的结果。句中有明显的过去参照动作或时间词，这种时态从来不孤立使用)

考点一：过去完成时条件

e.g.She said that she had been to Paris.

考点二：when(时间/条件引导词)

1.主将从现
2.时态一致(如果主从句有一个是一般过去，另一个也一定是过去)
when+did，主句+过去完成时(翻译：已经)
when+did，主句+过去进行时(翻译：进行)
when+did，主句+过去将来时(找将来时间词 翻译：将)
when+did，主句+一般过去时(排除法或全文翻译分析)

考点三：by/till+时间=完成

by/till(完成)+现在时间=现在完成时
by/till(完成)+过去时间=过去完成时
by/till(完成)+将来时间=将来完成时
by/till(完成)+一般现在时的句子(表将来)=将来完成时
e.g.1.There had been 25 parks in our city up till the year of 2000.
e.g.2.By the end of last term,we had finished the book.

考点四：hardly…when…,scarcely…when…,no sooner…than… 一…就…, 主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时

e.g.I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.

考点五：hope，expect，think，suppose，intend，plan等主观意愿动词(选项)：未实现—过去完成时(含义：本…)

e.g.1.I had thought Tom to be a mouse but found it a cat.
e.g.2.I had planned to go for a walk,but someone called and I couldn’t get away.

将来完成时

定义：表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作(注意抓住时间的截止点)

e.g.By next Tuesday,I will have got ready for the exams.

现在完成进行时

考点一：表示动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在，常与all this time，all night，all the morning等时间状语连用。

e.g.The manager has been telling the workers how to improve the program all the morning.

语态

被动语态：主语和谓语动词之间是被动的关系
形式：be done(被动语态)
e.g.主动：I eat an apple. 被动：An apple is eaten by me.
e.g.主动：Students planted trees yesterday. 被动：Trees were planted by students yesterday.

各个时态被动语态形式

一般现在时：     am/is/are done
一般过去时：     was/were done
一般将来时：     will/shall be done
过去将来时：     would be done
现在进行时：     am/is/are being done
过去进行时：     was/were being done
将来进行时：     will be being done
现在完成时：     have/has been done
过去完成时：     had been done
将来完成时：     will have been done

考点一：无被动的词：happen=occur=take place(发生),belong to(属于),appear(出现),come true((梦想)实现),break out((新闻，消息)爆发),take off(起飞),remain(仍是/保留)。

e.g.The dictionary on the desk belongs to me.

考点二：主动表被动：read(读起来…),write(写起来…),draw(画起来…),sell(卖得…),wear(穿起来…)等,常与well，easily，smoothly连用。

翻译：起来/得—无被动无进行，通常一般现在时
e.g.1.The new pen writes smoothly.
e.g.2.These shirts sell well.

考点三：主动表被动：感官动词(feel(摸起来),look(看起来),seem(看起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来))

翻译：起来/得—无被动无进行，通常一般现在时
e.g.The cake tastes better than that one.

e.g.I want to buy the coat made of that kind of cloth because I have been told the cloth wears very well.

特殊：then 那时
—过去(那时—以前的时间表过去)
—进行(那时—时刻点表进行)

第二章：虚拟语气

理解：虚假的陈述。

真实：If it doesn’t rain tomorrow,I will go shopping.
虚拟：If I were you,I would go shopping.

考点一：if的虚拟语气表格

        if从句          主句

过去 had done would/could/should/might+have done
现在 did/were would/could/should/might+do
将来 1.did/were would/could/should/might+do
2.should do
3.were to do
e.g.1.If I had had lunch,I wouldn’t have asked for something to eat.
e.g.2.If I had lunch,I wouldn’t ask for something to eat.

考点二：if主从句混合时间状态下虚拟语气用法：有时间词优先看时间词

e.g.1.If I had worked hard at school,I would have been a top student.
e.g.2.If I had worked hard at school,I would be a top student now.

考点三：if虚拟条件句中的”倒装”(难点)

虚拟语气的倒装前提：省略if：那么从句要进行”倒装”
只有were/had(完成时)/should可以提前，did可以变成were to do的方式按照were形式提前
原句：If he were my father,he would get me out of the crazy prison.
省略if：Were he my father,he would get me out of the crazy prison.

考点四：含蓄虚拟

常见标志词词语有：with(如果有)，without(如果没有)，but for(要不是)，or/otherwise(否则)，in case of(万一)
不要分析主从句—考点：if的主句
e.g.But for your kind-hearted help,we couldn’t have achieved our success.

考点五：wish(没实现的希望)—倒退一个时态的虚拟

(wish后宾语从句中虚拟语气用法)(补充wish to do)
过去的虚拟：had done
现在的虚拟：did/were
将来的虚拟：would/could/might do
特殊：wish直接加动词：wish to do 固定搭配
e.g.1.I wish it were a sunny day today.
e.g.2.I wish she had visited her grandparents then.
3.He wishes he would do better next time.
4.He wished to do better next time.

考点六：if only 如果…该多好啊！—–倒退一个时态的虚拟

过去：had done
现在：did/were
将来：would/could/might do
e.g.I had a big trouble.If only I had listened to my parents’ advice then.

考点七：as if=as though 好像

1.虚拟语气—–倒退一个时态
过去：had done
现在：did/were
将来：would/could/might do
2.真实语气—–时态一致
e.g.1.She looks as if she were sick.(虚拟语气—–与现实事实相反)
e.g.2.It seems as if our team is going to win.(陈述语气—–实现可能性较大)

考点八：would rather/had rather/would sooner 宁愿，宁可；要用”虚拟语气”。

核心：倒退一个时态，将来就是现在
对过去进行虚拟：had done
对现在/将来进行虚拟：did/were（重点）
would rather直接加动词：固定搭配
would rather+do
would rather not do
would rather do A than do B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
e.g.1.We would rather that the matter had not been made public yesterday.
e.g.2.We would rather that you were the chairman now.
e.g.3. I would rather die than surrender to the enemy.

考点九：for fear that=in case=lest 以防，免得

用作虚拟语气时，表现形式为：+should do(口语可以省略should)
e.g.I made a circle around the city for fear that anyone should follow me.

考点十：表示”请求，要求，命令，建议”，如advise(建议)，sugest(建议)，demand(要求)，order(命令)，propose(建议)，ask(要求)，desire(要求)，request(请求)，insist(要求)，require(要求)，recommend(建议) 等后要用”虚拟语气”(should) do

e.g.1.The teacher advises that Tom make use of every minute at school.
e.g.2.The teacher advises that Tom not make use of every minute at school.
suggest:人建议，物表明
1.(人)建议——虚拟(should) do
2.(物)表明——不虚拟(时态一致)
insist:要求别人，认为自己
1.要求(别人—多人)——虚拟(should) do
2.认为(自己—一个人)——不虚拟(时态一致)
e.g.1.He suggested that we (should) finish the work on time.
e.g.2.His pale face suggested that he was ill.
e.g.3.She insisted that she was right.
e.g.4.She insisted that we should finish the work first.

考点十一：It is (high/about) time that(是…时候了)+did/should do(should不能省略)

e.g.1.It is time that we should leave/left the poor island.
e.g.2.It is high time that we went/should go to school.
e.g.3.It is the third time that I have visited France this year.
e.g.4.It was the third time that I had visited France this year.

考点十二：It is+形容词(important/strange/necessary/essential/a pity/urgent/vital/appreciate/natural)+that+(should) do 如果句子有谓语，is可以省略

e.g.1.It is very neccessary that we learn/should learn our lessons well first.

考点十三：题干没有标志词(情态动词的虚拟语气：情态动词+have done)

定考点—情态动词
1.现在/将来：情态动词+do
2.过去：情态动词+have done(翻译：本 特殊：must have done 一定做了)
陈述句：
could have done 本能够做(实际没做)
should have done 本应该做(实际没做)
need have done 本需要做(实际没做)
否定句：
couldn’t have done 本不能做(实际做了)
shouldn’t have done 本不应该做(实际做了)
needn’t have done 本不需要做(实际做了)
特殊：must have done 一定做了某事(对过去的推测)
e.g.1.You must have finished your homework. 你一定完成作业了吧
e.g.2.You must finish your homework. 你必须完成作业
e.g.3.You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.
e.g.4.You must have been caught by the rain just now for you are all wet.

非谓语动词

doing 主动，进行
done 被动，过去
being done 被动，进行
to do 主动，目的/将来
to be done 被动，目的/将来
having done 主动，谓语之前
having been done 被动，谓语之前
口诀：主动doing被动done，被动进行being done，目的/将来to do/to be done，谓语之前带having

动词类答题步骤

1.判断 谓语/非谓语
2.非谓语成分：主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语
3.主被动+时间词

非谓语动词做主语

考点一：动名词(-ing)做主语(主动doing，被动being done)

1.doing作主语 用作主语—常表抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作。
Smoking is bad for your health.
Swimming is her favorite sport.
Being polluted is the biggest problem that the earth has faced.
2.前后一致
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实
Losing is learning. 失败是成功之母

考点二：不定式(to—) 作主语(主动to do，被动to be done)

1.不定式(to do)作主语表未完成的事情或目的
e.g.To study in the USA in the future has long been my dream.
2.前后一致
To see is to believe.
To lose is to learn.
3.(重点)形式主语it—to do真正主语
it is+adj+to do 句型
辨析：it is+adj+that+(should) do
e.g.1.It is important to finish your homework.
e.g.2.It took me only a few minutes to go to school.
4.特殊情况：It is no use(no good,no fun,no point,a waste of time)+doing(易错)
e.g.It’s no use worrying about something that hasn’t happened yet.

特殊词语法考点：spend pay cost take

1.人+spend+时间/金钱+on sth/(in) doing sth
I spent 5 dollars on the book/(in) buying the book.
2.人+pay+金钱+for (pay—paid—paid)
I paid 5 dollars for the book.
3.物+cost+人+金钱 (cost—cost—cost)
The book cost me 5 dollars.
4.It takes+人+时间+to do
It took me 2 hours to do my homework.
e.g.1.This science book cost me a great amount of money.
e.g.2.They spend too much time writing the report.
e.g.3.It will take us two years to finish the training program.

考点三：非谓语动词(一个动作) 作主语，谓语动词用”单三”。

e.g.1.Learning English brings Chinese students much pressure.
e.g.2.Refusing invitations is not always easy.

非谓语动词做表语

考点一：不定式(to)作表语，表将来的动作(目的将来to do/to be done)

e.g.What I suggest is to do it at once.

考点二：如果主语是以aim，hope，idea，plan，purpose，wish等为中心的名词，表语用不定式(to…)

e.g.The purpose of the USA is to punish Mexico.

考点三：(重点)动词：使—形容词：ing 令人… ed 感到…

例如：
interest v. 使…感兴趣 please v. 使…开心
interesting adj. 令人感兴趣的 pleasing adj.令人开心的
interested adj.感到感兴趣的 pleased adj.感到开心的

surprise v. 使…惊讶 excite v. 使…兴奋
surprising adj. 令人惊讶的 exciting adj. 令人兴奋的
surprised adj. 感到惊讶的 excited adj. 感到兴奋的
e.g.1.The dog is very excited when it finds delicious food.
e.g.2.This news is very excciting.
e.g.3.Song Xiaobao is an interesting man.
e.g.4.I am pleased to inform you that you have won the first prize in the contest.

非谓语动词作宾语

考点一：有些动词须接不定式(to do)作宾语，这种动词包括：tell，decide，ask，promise，refuse，agree，wish，hope，expect，intend，plan，manage，determine，attempt，pretend，choose，offer，fail，deserve，afford，encourage，seem，aim，happen，warn，特殊疑问词等。

e.g.1.I hope to study in that school.
e.g.2.They managed to finish all the tasks.
e.g.3.I don’t know how to do it.

考点二：有些动词须接动名词(doing)作宾语，这种动词包括：finish，enjoy，mind，practice，admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，deny，escape，forbid，forgive，imagine，keep，mention，miss，permit，prevent，risk。

特殊：suggest 建议 advice 建议 allow 允许
1.suggest+doing 建议做某事
suggest sb to do 建议某人做某事
2.advise+doing 建议做某事
advise sb to do 建议某人做某事
3.allow+doing 允许做某事
allow sb to do 允许某人做某事
be allowed to do 被允许做某事
e.g.1.She imagined walking into the office and handing in her resignation.
e.g.2.Do you mind passing me that dictionary?
e.g.3.The manager doesn’t permit giving advice in public.

考点三：有些词组后面须接动名词(doing)作宾语。这种词组包括：

be worth(+doing主动表被动–无被动–不考虑being done)值得，can’t help+doing情不自禁，can’t stand不能忍受，feel like想，be busy忙于，所有介词(in，on，of，at，for，about，from，by，up，with，before，after)
spend…(in) doing…,succeed (in) doing sth
have problem (in) doing sth=have difficulties (in) doing sth=have trouble (in) doing sth=have a hard time (in) doing sth,
have a good time (in) doing sth=have a great time (in) doing sth=have fun (in) doing sth
have 系列 + (in) doing
waste time (in) doing sth=lose time (in) doing sth 等。
e.g.1.He gave up smoking several months ago.
e.g.2.I am tired of doing the same thing all the time.

句式

句子有情态动词时：

陈述句：He can do this work.
否定句： He can not do this work. 情态动词后加not变否定句
一般疑问句： Can he do this work？ 情态动词提到主语之前

句子没有情态动词，有be动词时：

陈述句：He is a student.
否定句： He is not a student. be动词后加not变否定句
一般疑问句： Is he a student. be动词提到主语之前

当有情态动词，又有be动词时：

陈述句：He can be able to do this work.
否定句： He can not be able to do this work. 情态动词后加not变否定句
一般疑问句： Can he be able to do this work？ 情态动词提到主语之前

当没有情态动词，没有be动词，有完成时的助动词have/has/had时：

陈述句：I have finished the book.
否定句：I have not finished the book.
一般疑问句：Have I finished the book?

当没有情态动词，没有be动词，没有完成时态，有普通动词时：求助————助动词do/does/did(don’t/doesn’t/didn’t)

e.g.1.(do/does/did后接动词原形)
陈述句：They read books everyday.
否定句：They don’t read books everyday. 选择与动词形式匹配的助动词放到动词之前,普通动词变回原形
一般疑问句：Do they read books everyday? 选择与动词形式匹配的助动词放到主语之前,普通动词变回原形
e.g.2.(do/does/did后接动词原形)
陈述句：Tom likes red.
否定句：Tom doesn’t like red. 选择与动词形式匹配的助动词放到动词之前,普通动词变回原形
一般疑问句：Does Tom like red? 选择与动词形式匹配的助动词放到主语之前,普通动词变回原形

特殊：非谓语动词变否定：not 非谓语 直接在非谓语动词前加not

祈使句

定义：以动词原形开头的句子
否定：Don't     没有情态动词没有be动词，求助助动词
祈使句在语法上都是表将来的

单词变形规则：

动词de结尾变名词：de去掉加sion
decide————decision
include————inclusion
动词o结尾变第三人称单数：加es
do————does

特殊：

should=ought to 表示应该